Crude Atmospheric Distillation is continuous distillation,a form of Distillation an ongoing separation in which a Crude Oil mixture is continuously fed into the process and separated fractions are removed continuously as output streams.

Vacuum Distillation is lowering the pressure at which such compounds are boiled instead of increasing the temperature. Once the pressure is lowered to the vapor pressure of the compound (at the given temperature), boiling and the rest of the distillation process can commence.

A Coker unit is an processing unit that converts the Residual oil from the Vacuum Distillation Column or the Atmospheric Distillation Column into low molecular weight hydrocarbon phases, Naphtha, Light and Heavy Gas Oils, and Petroleum coke. The process thermally Cracks the long chain hydrocarbon molecules in the residual oil feed into shorter chain molecules.

Delayed Coking Cracking begins in the furnace, continues in the transfer line, and finishes in the coke drum. The drum effluent is vapor only except for any liquid or solids entrainment,and is directed to a fractionation column where it is separated into the desirable boiling point fractions.

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the most important conversion process used in petroleum refineries. It is widely used to convert the high-boiling, high-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum crude oils to more valuable gasoline, olefinic gases and other products.[1][2][3] Cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons was originally done by thermal cracking which has been almost completely replaced by catalytic cracking because it produces more gasoline with a higher octane rating. It also produces byproduct gases that are more olefinic, and hence more valuable, than those produced by Thermal Cracking.

RFCCU Residue Fluidized Catalytic Cracker - HOFCCU-High Olefins Catalytic Cracker. The gasoline produced in the FCC unit has an elevated octane rating but is less chemically stable compared to other gasoline components due to its olefinic profile. Olefins in gasoline are responsible for the formation of polymeric deposits in storage tanks, fuel ducts and injectors. The FCC LPG is an important source of C3-C4 olefins and isobutane that are essential feeds for the alkylation process and the production of polymers such as polypropylene.

It is the straight-run heavy naphtha that is usually processed in a Catalytic Reformer because the light Naphtha has molecules with 6 or less Carbon atoms which, when Reformed, tend to crack into butane and lower molecular weight hydrocarbons which are not useful as high-octane gasoline blending components. Also, the molecules with 6 carbon atoms tend to form aromatics which is undesirable because governmental environmental regulations in a number of countries limit the amount of aromatics (most particularly benzene) that gasoline may contain

Continous Catalytic Cracking is a Platforming version 2 or 3 stage, designed for continuous catalyst regeneration.The naphtha from the crude oil distillation is often further distilled to produce a "light" naphtha containing most (but not all) of the hydrocarbons with 6 or less carbon atoms and a "heavy" naphtha containing most (but not all) of the hydrocarbons with more than 6 carbon atoms. The heavy naphtha has an initial boiling point of about 140 to 150 °C and a final boiling point of about 190 to 205 °C. The naphthas derived from the distillation of crude oils are referred to as "straight-run" naphthas.

Naptha Hydrotreating Straight-run applications as Sulphur and nitrogen are reduced to sub ppm levels to meet the requirements for catalytic reforming. Kerosene Hydrotreating used for the production of A1 jet fuel.

Ultra Low Sulphur Hydrotreaters. LS and ULSD diesel hydrotreating process using Hydrotreating catalysts. Production of diesel with less than 10 wt ppm sulphur from straight-run and cracked feedstock.

A catalytic process in which the petroleum feedstock is reacted with hydrogen to reduce the sulfur content in the oil.desulphurising crude oil and converting heavy fractions into light fractions.

The Gofiner unit for catalytic cracking breaks up heavy hydrocarbon molecules into lighter fractions using heat and catalysts. The various fractions can then be used for different things from a light gas to heavy solids, such as bitumen.

The basic Claus unit comprises a thermal stage and two or three catalytic stages. Typical sulphur recoveries efficiencies are in the range 95-98% depending upon the feed gas composition and plant onfiguration

Tail Gas Treatment units are designed to increase the overall sulphur recovery by processing the gas from the Claus unit final sulphur Condenser. The process discussed in this paper is generally referred to as the “SCOT” process although there are many versions of this type of process.

Naphtha is obtained in petroleum refineries as one of the intermediate products from the distillation of crude oil. It is a liquid intermediate between the light gases in the crude oil and the heavier liquid kerosene. Naphthas are volatile, flammable and have a specific gravity of about 0.7. The generic name 'naphtha' describes a range of different refinery intermediate products used in different applications.

The primary products of the cracking process are olefins (ethylene / ethene, propylene / propene and butadiene). When naphtha is used as a feedstock in catalytic reforming the primary products are aromatics including benzene, xylene, and toluene.

C2H4. It is the simplest alkene (older name: olefin from its oil-forming property). Because it contains a carbon-carbon double bond, ethylene is classified as an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Ethylene is widely used in industry. Ethylene is the most produced organic compound in the world;To meet the ever increasing demand for ethylene, sharp increases in production facilities have been added globally.Ethylene is produced in the petrochemical industry by steam cracking.

In this process, gaseous or light liquid hydrocarbons are heated to 750–950 °C, inducing numerous free radical reactions followed by immediate quench to stop these reactions. This process converts large hydrocarbons into smaller ones and introduces unsaturation. Ethylene is separated from the resulting complex mixture by repeated compression and distillation. In a related process used in oil refineries, high molecular weight hydrocarbons are cracked over zeolite catalysts.

Benzene, C6H6, is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon. Produced by catalytic reforming of naptha (petroleum derivative) and separated in a series of distillation, adsorbtion or crystallization and reaction processes from m-xylene, o-xylene and ethylbenzene. Its melting point is the highest among this series of isomers, but simple crystallization does not allow easy purification due to the formation of eutectic mixtures.The term xylene or xylol refers to a mixture of three structural isomers of the aromatic hydrocarbon dimethylbenzene. Xylene is a clear, colorless, sweet-smelling liquid that is very flammable.

It is usually refined from crude oil in a process called alkylation. It is also produced as a by-product from coal carbonisation derived from coke ovens, extracted from crude benzole from gas, or by dehydrocyclodimerization and methylating of toluene and benzene.[1] It is also manufactured from Reformate. Xylene is used as a solvent in the printing, rubber, and leather industries. Xylene is also abused as an inhalant drug for its intoxicating properties

Polypropylene (PP), also known as polypropene, is a thermoplastic polymer, made by the chemical industry and used in a wide variety of applications, including packaging, textiles (e.g. ropes, thermal underwear and carpets), stationery, plastic parts and reusable containers of various types, laboratory equipment, loudspeakers, automotive components, and polymer banknotes. An addition polymer made from the monomer propylene, it is rugged and unusually resistant to many chemical solvents, bases and acids. The melt flow rate (MFR) or melt flow index (MFI) is a measure of molecular weight of polypropylene. The measure helps to determine how easily the molten raw material will flow during processing. Polypropylene with higher MFR will fill the plastic mold more easily during the injection or blow-molding production process.

The melting of polypropylene occurs as a range, so a melting point is determined by finding the highest temperature of a differential scanning calorimetry chart. Perfectly isotactic PP has a melting point of 171 °C (340 °F). Commercial isotactic PP has a melting point that ranges from 160 to 166 °C (320 to 331 °F), depending on atactic material and crystallinity. Syndiotactic PP with a crystallinity of 30% has a melting point of 130 °C (266 °F).As the melt flow increases, however, some physical properties, like impact strength, will decrease.There are three general types of polypropylene: homopolymer, random copolymer, and block copolymer. The comonomer used is typically ethylene.

Polyethylene or polythene is the most widely used plastic. Types of processes include LDPE (Low), LLDPE (Lineair Low), HDPE (High Density) Polyetyhylene which are different chemical processes Temperature/Pressure ratios and catalyst (Ziegler Natta) used.

LLDPE is produced at lower temperatures and pressures by copolymerization of ethylene and such higher alpha olefins as butene, hexene, or octene. The copolymerization process produces an LLDPE polymer that has a narrower molecular weight distribution than conventional LDPE and in combination with the linear structure, significantly different rheological properties.

Natural gas processing consists of separating all of the various hydrocarbons and fluids from the pure natural gas. In fact, associated hydrocarbons, known as 'natural gas liquids' (NGLs) can be very valuable by-products of natural gas processing. NGLs include ethane, propane, butane, iso-butane, and natural gasoline. The associated Gas separated from the Oil or the raw Natural Gas produced by a Gas field, is gathered and collected in a Gas Treatment Plant where it is Dehydrated and processed to Recover the Heavy Fractions and to remove Sulphur compounds

Oil Treatment plant processing the crude oil via Gas-Oil separation systems where its pressure is reduced in stages. In each decompression stage the associated Gas is released in a Separator until the pressure is finally reduced to slightly above atmospheric pressure. The sour crude oil is then sent to the stabilizer column where it is heated and cascaded through a series of bubble trays spaced throughout a column. The hydrogen sulfide and remaining light hydrocarbons boil off in this process and are collected at the top of the column, while the sweetened heavy crude is drawn off from the bottom. The stabilized oil is then cooled and stored.

Liquefied natural Gas predominantly methane, CH4) that has been converted temporarily to liquid form for ease of storage or transport. The liquefication process involves removal of certain components, such as dust, acid gases, helium, water, and heavy hydrocarbons, which could cause difficulty downstream. The natural gas is then condensed into a liquid at close to atmospheric Pressure (maximum transport pressure set at around 25 kPa/3.6 psi) by cooling it to approximately −162 °C (−260 °F)

Liquefied natural gas takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state. It is odorless, colorless, non-toxic and noncorrosive. Hazards include flammability, freezing and asphyxia.

A typical LNG process. The gas is first extracted and transported to a processing plant where it is purified by removing any condensates such as water, oil, mud, as well as other gases like CO2 and H2S and some times solids as mercury. The gas is then cooled down in stages until it is liquefied. LNG is finally stored in storage tanks and can be loaded and shipped.

To reuse the transported Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) it needs to be Regassified. At the LNG Terminal, Liquid Natural Gas is unloaded from LNG vessels and stored in insulated tanks at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of minus 162° C. For distribution the LNG is pumped to high pressure then the high pressure LNG is warmed to a point where it reverts to its gaseous state.

After the regasification process, the gas will be sent through a pipeline to the national network. The heat to regasify the LNG is provided both by sea water, using the heat naturally stored in the sea, and by turbine flue gases, thanks to an energy recovery system.

Floating Production, Storage and offloading (FPSO) Vessels used for offshore processing and storage of oil and gas. A FPSO vessel is designed to receive oil or gas produced from nearby platforms or subsea template, process it, and store it until oil or gas can be offloaded onto a tanker or transported through a pipeline. FPSOs are preferred in frontier offshore regions as they are easy to install, and do not require a local pipeline infrastructure to export oil and gas. FPSOs can be a conversion of an oil tanker or can be a vessel built specially for the application

Oil produced from offshore production platforms can be transported to the mainland either by pipeline or by tanker. Often the solution used to convert a decommissioned oil tanker which has been stripped down and equipped with facilities to be connected to a mooring buoy. Oil is accumulated in the FPSO until there is sufficient amount to fill a transport tanker, at which point the transport tanker connects to the stern of the floating storage unit and offloads oil.

As Floating LNG Plants based on barge type or vessels make the investment for an LNG plant more flexible.Regasification Plant and Interim Class Certificate confirming the REGAS-2 Class. The Vessels receives LNG from offloading LNG carriers, and the onboard regasification system provides gas send-out through flexible risers and pipeline to shore.

Equipped with LNG Direct steam vaporizers, the thermal design for the cryogenic vaporizers and downstream Gas Temperature Control using LNG injection. The vaporizers use steam generated onboard by existing steam boilers. It is a steel mono hull with LNG tanks arranged in the middle, with the re-gasification plant in the forward section and crew facilities with control room and utility machinery in the aft section. The Engineering of the regasification system has coordinated and Tanks.